Thank you for the clear and detailed explanation, it was easy to follow and very useful. I found it quite insightful while I was also searching for information about duhail immigration office timing.

This problem reminds me of how networks form over time, kind of like how people gradually build connections when relocating. It’s fascinating how probability and randomness shape such processes. For those thinking about relocating, especially through canada immigration, understanding how systems evolve step-by-step—like building a connected country—can offer a helpful analogy!

At least the author put number 5 (or bigger) in the test cases for the better visualization.

Solved using Monte Carlo! The accuracy required is not insanely high (just the integral part) and the number of nodes is reasonably small (<=30), leaving plenty of time to run the simulation many times (I could do it 500,000 times using C++ under the time limit) stochastically to find an approximate average. I'm not sure if this is the intended way, though.

What does nonadjacen mean?

"We choose each pair of nonadjacent cities with equal probability."

Should it say nonconnected?

Thanks!