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    if you really want to understand, the result is a difference between number A which is sum of negative powers of 2 and it's positive "inverse" which, since it starts with 2^1 is 2^(n+1) - 2 - A so it's Always 2^(n+1) - 2 - 2*A or 2*(2^n - 1 - A) so 2^n-1 is your only hope if you are P2