We use cookies to ensure you have the best browsing experience on our website. Please read our cookie policy for more information about how we use cookies.
Loading...
  1. Practice
  2. Algorithms
  3. Bit Manipulation
  4. Xor-sequence

Xor-sequence

An array, , is defined as follows:

  • for , where is the symbol for XOR

You will be given a left and right index . You must determine the XOR sum of the segment of as .

For example, . The segment from to sums to .

Print the answer to each question.

Function Description

Complete the xorSequence function in the editor below. It should return the integer value calculated.

xorSequence has the following parameter(s):

  • l: the lower index of the range to sum
  • r: the higher index of the range to sum

Input Format

The first line contains an integer , the number of questions.
Each of the next lines contains two space-separated integers, and , the inclusive left and right indexes of the segment to query.

Constraints


Output Format

On a new line for each test case, print the XOR-Sum of 's elements in the inclusive range between indices and .

Sample Input 0

3
2 4
2 8
5 9

Sample Output 0

7
9
15

Explanation 0

The beginning of our array looks like this:

Test Case 0:


Test Case 1:


Test Case 2:


Sample Input 1

3
3 5
4 6
15 20

Sample Output 1

5
2
22

Explanation 1

. Perform the xor sum on each interval: